America's Gun Violence

1108109111113114602

Comments

  • PJPOWERPJPOWER Posts: 6,499

    mcgruff10 said:

    I bet this means all inmates will be handcuffed behind the back from here on out.
    I figured that was standard operating procedure.
    how did he get loose then? I know nothing about standard operating procedure. I would imagine it depends on the criminal/crimes committed.
    I don't know the facts of this case but I worked in a prison years ago and there are inmates that can slip cuffs off no matter how tight you put them on.
    Maybe Austin Powers was on to something...
    http://youtu.be/ZXRfnIfFYFI
  • mcgruff10mcgruff10 Posts: 28,489

    mcgruff10 said:

    I bet this means all inmates will be handcuffed behind the back from here on out.
    I figured that was standard operating procedure.
    how did he get loose then? I know nothing about standard operating procedure. I would imagine it depends on the criminal/crimes committed.
    I don't know the facts of this case but I worked in a prison years ago and there are inmates that can slip cuffs off no matter how tight you put them on.
    Damn I never knew that; having known that what did you guys do to prevent that from happening?
    I'll ride the wave where it takes me......
  • i_lov_iti_lov_it Posts: 4,007
    mcgruff10 said:

    mcgruff10 said:

    I bet this means all inmates will be handcuffed behind the back from here on out.
    I figured that was standard operating procedure.
    how did he get loose then? I know nothing about standard operating procedure. I would imagine it depends on the criminal/crimes committed.
    I don't know the facts of this case but I worked in a prison years ago and there are inmates that can slip cuffs off no matter how tight you put them on.
    Damn I never knew that; having known that what did you guys do to prevent that from happening?
    Same here...and also did it apply in this incident?
  • Stickman12Stickman12 Posts: 504
    mcgruff10 said:

    mcgruff10 said:

    I bet this means all inmates will be handcuffed behind the back from here on out.
    I figured that was standard operating procedure.
    how did he get loose then? I know nothing about standard operating procedure. I would imagine it depends on the criminal/crimes committed.
    I don't know the facts of this case but I worked in a prison years ago and there are inmates that can slip cuffs off no matter how tight you put them on.
    Damn I never knew that; having known that what did you guys do to prevent that from happening?
    They were cuffed behind their back and had a leash attached to the chain links between the cuffs. The leash went under the ankle shackles so that if needed you could yank up in the leash which would pull their legs out from under them. Also when escorting them you would keep one of your hands gripping the cuffs while they were on them. I have even seen a man starve himself so that he could get skinny enough to fit through a cuff port. He did it to go after another inmate. When these guys have nothing but time, they can literally figure out anything
  • DegeneratefkDegeneratefk Posts: 3,123
    2 more cops shot in San diego. One just died, the other is critical. I haven't heard the details of the shooting yet. Very sad.
    will myself to find a home, a home within myself
    we will find a way, we will find our place
  • hedonisthedonist Posts: 24,524

    2 more cops shot in San diego. One just died, the other is critical. I haven't heard the details of the shooting yet. Very sad.

    And some people wonder why the police have their guard up during traffic stops.

    Very sad indeed, DF.
  • mickeyratmickeyrat Posts: 38,538
    edited August 2016
    19 people shot in Chicago with 9 dead on monday.


    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/10/nine-people-fatally-shot-in-chicago-marking-citys-deadliest-day-in-more-than-a-decade-10-more-wounded/?tid=sm_fb

    I'd wager those guns crossed a border from a neighboring state with very lax laws on sales or resales.

    then theres this. Gross negligence described as an "accident and unimaginable" Turn in your badge Chief. You are clearly in a position above your intelligence and crtical thinking skills.

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/10/woman-fatally-shot-in-accident-during-fla-citizen-police-academy-lethal-force-simulation/?tid=sm_fb

    edited for spelling and accuracy in quoting the chief.
    Post edited by mickeyrat on
    _____________________________________SIGNATURE________________________________________________

    Not today Sir, Probably not tomorrow.............................................. bayfront arena st. pete '94
    you're finally here and I'm a mess................................................... nationwide arena columbus '10
    memories like fingerprints are slowly raising.................................... first niagara center buffalo '13
    another man ..... moved by sleight of hand...................................... joe louis arena detroit '14
  • g under pg under p Posts: 18,190
    This has to be one of the worse police accidents I've ever heard of.....
    sort of reminds me of what happened to the actor Brandon Lee (Bruce Lee's son).

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/10/woman-fatally-shot-in-accident-during-fla-citizen-police-academy-lethal-force-simulation/

    Peace
    *We CAN bomb the World to pieces, but we CAN'T bomb it into PEACE*...Michael Franti

    *MUSIC IS the expression of EMOTION.....and that POLITICS IS merely the DECOY of PERCEPTION*
    .....song_Music & Politics....Michael Franti

    *The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite INSANE*....Nikola Tesla(a man who shaped our world of electricity with his futuristic inventions)


  • muskydanmuskydan Posts: 1,013
    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????
  • mickeyratmickeyrat Posts: 38,538
    g under p said:

    This has to be one of the worse police accidents I've ever heard of.....
    sort of reminds me of what happened to the actor Brandon Lee (Bruce Lee's son).

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/10/woman-fatally-shot-in-accident-during-fla-citizen-police-academy-lethal-force-simulation/

    Peace

    This was no accident. At a minimum it was gross negligence.
    _____________________________________SIGNATURE________________________________________________

    Not today Sir, Probably not tomorrow.............................................. bayfront arena st. pete '94
    you're finally here and I'm a mess................................................... nationwide arena columbus '10
    memories like fingerprints are slowly raising.................................... first niagara center buffalo '13
    another man ..... moved by sleight of hand...................................... joe louis arena detroit '14
  • oftenreadingoftenreading Posts: 12,845
    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    my small self... like a book amongst the many on a shelf
  • muskydanmuskydan Posts: 1,013

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
  • muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    That ACCIDENT seems more like NEGLIGENCE to me.

    You want to play with guns? Then play safely.
    "My brain's a good brain!"
  • DegeneratefkDegeneratefk Posts: 3,123
    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    will myself to find a home, a home within myself
    we will find a way, we will find our place
  • rgambsrgambs Posts: 13,576

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Monkey Driven, Call this Living?
  • rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    "My brain's a good brain!"
  • BentleyspopBentleyspop Posts: 10,757
    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    Of course none of what goes on in Chicago can be blamed in anyway on the inept, incompetent, and historically corrupt police force.

    Just blame the "certain element" for eveything
  • rgambsrgambs Posts: 13,576

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Monkey Driven, Call this Living?
  • rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Not from where I sit. There have been many of both variety as I have processed them.

    Have you seen both varieties?
    "My brain's a good brain!"
  • muskydanmuskydan Posts: 1,013

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    Of course none of what goes on in Chicago can be blamed in anyway on the inept, incompetent, and historically corrupt police force.

    Just blame the "certain element" for eveything
    Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha...... And a few more. Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha... That made my day.

    I am about to spend a bunch of time in your state for the first time in 20 years since I lived in Gunny......I sure hope I run into some cats like you to get my jollies. Hope the fly fishing is what it used to be.
  • rgambsrgambs Posts: 13,576

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Not from where I sit. There have been many of both variety as I have processed them.

    Have you seen both varieties?
    Of course, and I have the rational capacity to accept that departments almost invariably rule minority shootings as justified. Do you have the rational capacity to accept that in many of those cases, the shootings ruled as justified were not justified at all?
    Monkey Driven, Call this Living?
  • rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Not from where I sit. There have been many of both variety as I have processed them.

    Have you seen both varieties?
    Of course, and I have the rational capacity to accept that departments almost invariably rule minority shootings as justified. Do you have the rational capacity to accept that in many of those cases, the shootings ruled as justified were not justified at all?
    I'm trying to think of one high profile case discusses on this forum where you defended the officer's decision to resort to using his weapon.

    Can you point me in that direction?
    "My brain's a good brain!"
  • muskydanmuskydan Posts: 1,013

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Well in this case YES. Accident / negligence , pretty much the same. The Intent wasn't to injure or kill someone in this training exercise. Unfortunately shit happens.... Like Obummer becoming President and The Hildabeast continuing this total pussification of America. Which btw were both brought to you by the city of Shitcago...The tax payers of Chicago apologize for that.
  • rgambsrgambs Posts: 13,576

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Not from where I sit. There have been many of both variety as I have processed them.

    Have you seen both varieties?
    Of course, and I have the rational capacity to accept that departments almost invariably rule minority shootings as justified. Do you have the rational capacity to accept that in many of those cases, the shootings ruled as justified were not justified at all?
    I'm trying to think of one high profile case discusses on this forum where you defended the officer's decision to resort to using his weapon.

    Can you point me in that direction?
    Michael Brown is the only one I can recall, but given the controversial nature of the cases we discuss on here, I don't see that as much of an issue.
    Monkey Driven, Call this Living?
  • rgambsrgambs Posts: 13,576
    John Crawford II- wasn't even facing the officers, just talking on his phone...justified of course!
    Monkey Driven, Call this Living?
  • oftenreadingoftenreading Posts: 12,845
    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Well in this case YES. Accident / negligence , pretty much the same. The Intent wasn't to injure or kill someone in this training exercise. Unfortunately shit happens.... Like Obummer becoming President and The Hildabeast continuing this total pussification of America. Which btw were both brought to you by the city of Shitcago...The tax payers of Chicago apologize for that.
    Legally, "accident" and "negligence" are quite different. I would think an officer of the law would know that, as well as be a little less cavalier when a citizen volunteering for a training exercise is killed. Shit happened here because a police officer was negligent in the handling and use of his firearm.
    my small self... like a book amongst the many on a shelf
  • muskydanmuskydan Posts: 1,013

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Well in this case YES. Accident / negligence , pretty much the same. The Intent wasn't to injure or kill someone in this training exercise. Unfortunately shit happens.... Like Obummer becoming President and The Hildabeast continuing this total pussification of America. Which btw were both brought to you by the city of Shitcago...The tax payers of Chicago apologize for that.
    Legally, "accident" and "negligence" are quite different. I would think an officer of the law would know that, as well as be a little less cavalier when a citizen volunteering for a training exercise is killed. Shit happened here because a police officer was negligent in the handling and use of his firearm.
    Well I guess we see it differently, no shock there counsel
  • rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    rgambs said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Unless the someone is of a "certain element"...
    Then it's called a profile murder regardless of circumstances?
    Then it's called a justified shooting regardless of circumstances.
    Not from where I sit. There have been many of both variety as I have processed them.

    Have you seen both varieties?
    Of course, and I have the rational capacity to accept that departments almost invariably rule minority shootings as justified. Do you have the rational capacity to accept that in many of those cases, the shootings ruled as justified were not justified at all?
    I'm trying to think of one high profile case discusses on this forum where you defended the officer's decision to resort to using his weapon.

    Can you point me in that direction?
    Michael Brown is the only one I can recall, but given the controversial nature of the cases we discuss on here, I don't see that as much of an issue.
    I'm just saying that it's hard for people such as myself to think of yourself as objective when you continually champion the 'victim'.

    I'm not disagreeing there is a problem... I'm just saying that every case we are presented with is not a by product of the problem.
    "My brain's a good brain!"
  • DegeneratefkDegeneratefk Posts: 3,123
    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    muskydan said:

    DAMMM GUNS!!! When are they ever going to learn to behave themselves????

    Musky, are you referring to the link posted immediately above your comment? Because I'm hoping that you, as a police officer, would agree that it was gross negligence to not have checked and double checked that there was no live ammunition in the gun before the role play began. How is that even defensible? Mickey is absolutely correct - this in no way can be described as an "accident". It was 100% preventable with basic gun safety practices.
    I was not defending the ACCIDENT that was described above.
    I was referring to the 9 killed in Shitcago on a Monday. I have said this numerous times on here, there is a major behavioral problem with a certain element of our society...well Chicago for sure...
    So when a cop kills someone it's an accident?
    Well in this case YES. Accident / negligence , pretty much the same. The Intent wasn't to injure or kill someone in this training exercise. Unfortunately shit happens.... Like Obummer becoming President and The Hildabeast continuing this total pussification of America. Which btw were both brought to you by the city of Shitcago...The tax payers of Chicago apologize for that.
    Accident and negligent can't be used together in court.
    will myself to find a home, a home within myself
    we will find a way, we will find our place
This discussion has been closed.