Recovering from Knowledge

Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
edited August 2007 in A Moving Train
Knowledge is good, don't get me wrong. I remember the first time I realized that domestic violence was not caused by the length of the victim's skirt, or that she wasn't home when her husband said she had to be home, but rather by the perpetrator's choice to hurt another person. It was knowledge so sharp it was like a knife slice in skin. After hearing stories and stories like that during my work in the social services, there came a time when I had to recover from it. I had to remove myself from the jobs I did, and try to find semblance of happiness in a city in what for years had been pockets of violent secrets. Out of that recovery I didn't lose sight of the knowledge - that domestic violence, child abuse, and other family violences are choices, but I found the tools needed to ground my perspective if my faith in human nature fell sharply.

I'm reading a book, A Power Governments Cannot Suppress by Howard Zinn, and I'm starting to feel a cautious red flag. I feel an anger, and the people I want to argue with our my family. Why? They didn't force me to buy this book, they don't force me to spill my views. However, I know their views from bits and pieces, and I disagree with it. I disagreed with it before I read the book, I just have written word to back up my arguments.

I agree with Howard Zinn, and can understand why he is respected in his field, and I plan on reading more of his books. I haven't read, A People's History for the very reason I discribed above. I listened to a chapter on Vietnam and it ripped me to shreds. I was sobbing, and I had no one to talk to about it. Who really cared? They would care that I was unhappy, but not necessarily why. Maybe someone in my family did, and I just didn't know it, but there is a fine line I have to tread. I want the knowledge, and I believe Zinn's truth, and the truth of others like him. However, given who surrounds me, if I don't become the diplomatic person I respect in others they could lose respect for my opinions just based on my presentation.

I'm sure it goes both way no matter the political view/social standpoint etc. The time-centered process of integrating knowledge to the point that an opinion is relayed with strength, truth, empathy, and grace.
There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
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Comments

  • embraceembrace Posts: 849
    I often find when I read any political/social view (the middle mind by curtis white comes to mind) that I get very angry and dissillusioned- not only at my family but the way the things are run and main-stream schools are structured. I also feel that I have no one to have a conversation with as my thoughts are cast off to being "too deep" or the initial topic gets lost because it spawns a conversation on something else that is wrong- like creeks running to rivers to oceans. My reading/quest for knowledge continues because I have found something that it does to me -it makes me strangely elated despite the emotional upheaval at times (you mention crying and anger).
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  • JuberooJuberoo Posts: 472
    I believe knowledge is power. The more we know, the better prepared we are for life.

    Your comments about anger and presentation are very sound. Often it is easy to let the passion about what we believe in pervade the message we are trying to send. Being a naturally emotional person, I am highly guilty of this.

    Good discussion!
    Makes much more sense, to live in the present tense.

    A truly liberal person is conservative when necessary.

    Pro-life by choice.
  • Bu2Bu2 Posts: 1,693
    And we have a family, right here.
    Feels Good Inc.
  • Ms. Haiku wrote:
    Knowledge is good, don't get me wrong. I remember the first time I realized that domestic violence was not caused by the length of the victim's skirt, or that she wasn't home when her husband said she had to be home, but rather by the perpetrator's choice to hurt another person. It was knowledge so sharp it was like a knife slice in skin. After hearing stories and stories like that during my work in the social services, there came a time when I had to recover from it. I had to remove myself from the jobs I did, and try to find semblance of happiness in a city in what for years had been pockets of violent secrets. Out of that recovery I didn't lose sight of the knowledge - that domestic violence, child abuse, and other family violences are choices, but I found the tools needed to ground my perspective if my faith in human nature fell sharply.

    I'm reading a book, A Power Governments Cannot Suppress by Howard Zinn, and I'm starting to feel a cautious red flag. I feel an anger, and the people I want to argue with our my family. Why? They didn't force me to buy this book, they don't force me to spill my views. However, I know their views from bits and pieces, and I disagree with it. I disagreed with it before I read the book, I just have written word to back up my arguments.

    I agree with Howard Zinn, and can understand why he is respected in his field, and I plan on reading more of his books. I haven't read, A People's History for the very reason I discribed above. I listened to a chapter on Vietnam and it ripped me to shreds. I was sobbing, and I had no one to talk to about it. Who really cared? They would care that I was unhappy, but not necessarily why. Maybe someone in my family did, and I just didn't know it, but there is a fine line I have to tread. I want the knowledge, and I believe Zinn's truth, and the truth of others like him. However, given who surrounds me, if I don't become the diplomatic person I respect in others they could lose respect for my opinions just based on my presentation.

    I'm sure it goes both way no matter the political view/social standpoint etc. The time-centered process of integrating knowledge to the point that an opinion is relayed with strength, truth, empathy, and grace.
    I think I know exactly how you feel. I struggle with this often. The truth is so depressing and often discouraging. And on top of that I've been reading Kurt Vonnegut for the past few months. What a brilliant man. And even though his words make me laugh often, the underlying truths in his novels are absolutely heartbreaking. Heartbreaking and mindboggling at the same time. I've loved just about everything I've read from Howard Zinn. A People's History should be required reading for all Americans. That's my immigration policy. Everyone read it or get out. I'm certain many won't want to be here anyway after reading it. I know I struggle with that from time to time.
  • catefrancescatefrances Posts: 29,003
    Juberoo wrote:
    I believe knowledge is power.

    it certainly is. and when we come to the realisation that we know nothing that's when we truly become wise.
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  • Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
    I read about this in the Zinn book. I hadn't known of it before. It was definitely in the right place in the book - turned over 200 pages of impossible into possible

    http://www.camden28.org/
    There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
    The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    I've loved just about everything I've read from Howard Zinn. A People's History should be required reading for all Americans. That's my immigration policy. Everyone read it or get out.
    Well, I've read it and think it's a piece of shit. Would I be allowed to stay?
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
    surferdude wrote:
    Well, I've read it and think it's a piece of shit.
    Well, why? For ease, could you focus on one chapter.
    There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
    The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    Ms. Haiku wrote:
    Well, why?
    He indulges in revisionist history. He applies todays morals and standards to event happening sometimes centuries ago. He applies his theories in a vacuum that seem to ignore reality. He allots almost no responsibilities to Native Americans and idealizes their existance.

    Every government has done things in the name of greed. That's the nature of government. Group thinking never has a positive outcome and this is backed by scientific testing. Government is the epitome of group think but Zinn expects a different behavior. Why???? Oh yeah, I forgot for moment that he works in a vacuum where reality does not come into play.

    I'm at work so I can't go into the specifics of a chapter, and I wouldn't want to drag myself through hi sbook again in order to give specifics. I think it's great to try to get as many of the sides of the story as possible but Zinn outdoes Moore at times at idealizing situations that are from from ideal in reality.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
    surferdude wrote:
    He applies todays morals and standards to event happening sometimes centuries ago.
    When I read the US History book he wrote I'll keep that in mind. I don't know when I'll read it, it may be years, but I'll post what I think with that in mind on here or somewhere. See if I agree or disagree with you.
    There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
    The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    Ms. Haiku wrote:
    When I read the US History book he wrote I'll keep that in mind. I don't know when I'll read it, it may be years, but I'll post what I think with that in mind on here or somewhere. See if I agree or disagree with you.
    I truly tried to get with A People's History. But I couldn't. It just screamed bullshit to me.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • Ms. Haiku wrote:
    When I read the US History book he wrote I'll keep that in mind. I don't know when I'll read it, it may be years, but I'll post what I think with that in mind on here or somewhere. See if I agree or disagree with you.

    I'm a really big Zinn Fan, too. But most of the conservatives here can't stand him.

    I started this thread last week just in case you may have missed it...some pretty good clips of Zinn speaking against the concept of war.

    http://forums.pearljam.com/showthread.php?t=252028
    If you want to tell people the truth, make them laugh, otherwise they'll kill you.

    Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth.
    -Oscar Wilde
  • Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
    I'm a really big Zinn Fan, too. But most of the conservatives here can't stand him.

    I started this thread last week just in case you may have missed it...some pretty good clips of Zinn speaking against the concept of war.

    http://forums.pearljam.com/showthread.php?t=252028
    Very cool! Thanks for notifying me of it. I just bought the US History Book by him. :)
    There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
    The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
  • spiral outspiral out Posts: 1,052
    surferdude wrote:
    Well, I've read it and think it's a piece of shit.

    what exactly makes you think it's a piece of shit?

    I'm always intrigued by people like you and how you can just sit and dismiss books and writers like that.
    Keep on rockin in the free world!!!!

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  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    spiral out wrote:
    what exactly makes you think it's a piece of shit?

    I'm always intrigued by people like you and how you can just sit and dismiss books and writers like that.
    Post #10 outlines why I think it's a piece of shit.

    People like me are just as justified to say sit and dismiss books and writers as people like you are to praise and laud them. It's just opinion.

    Let's hope you've enjoyed every book, music, movie ever put out or you'd quickly become a person like me.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • Ms. HaikuMs. Haiku Washington DC Posts: 7,278
    Regarding books, especially on boards like this or any board, there must be implied ownership of the opinion of the book by the poster. If someone has an opinion how can we not assume that the process to obtain the opinion was completed? Questioning the origin of an opinion is rampant on this board.

    For instance, I've seen a few threads in Porch where we as a fanbase are compared to sheep. That's ridiculous. If a fan happens to agree with a position the band holds, it is that fan's responsibility to have the knowledge to back that opinion. That fan also has the ownership of that opinion. It can not be attributed to the band, or society at large.

    Can we suppose that when someone expresses an opinion he/she is doing it because he/she has completed the process in evaluating data, and coming to a conclusion? Would it be arrogant of us to suggest that someone did not complete the process to form an opinion when an opinion is written?
    There is no such thing as leftover pizza. There is now pizza and later pizza. - anonymous
    The risk I took was calculated, but man, am I bad at math - The Mincing Mockingbird
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    Ms. Haiku wrote:
    Regarding books, especially on boards like this or any board, there must be implied ownership of the opinion of the book by the poster. If someone has an opinion how can we not assume that the process to obtain the opinion was completed? Questioning the origin of an opinion is rampant on this board.

    For instance, I've seen a few threads in Porch where we as a fanbase are compared to sheep. That's ridiculous. If a fan happens to agree with a position the band holds, it is that fan's responsibility to have the knowledge to back that opinion. That fan also has the ownership of that opinion. It can not be attributed to the band, or society at large.

    Can we suppose that when someone expresses an opinion he/she is doing it because he/she has completed the process in evaluating data, and coming to a conclusion? Would it be arrogant of us to suggest that someone did not complete the process to form an opinion when an opinion is written?
    I agree. I had absolutely no problem with you asking me why I didn't like Zinn. If I have an opinion I hope it's based on something. I have no problem if after you read A People's History you go "surferdude I don't agree with your assessment". Perfect, let's raise a glass to independant thinking even if we both think the other's wrong.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • angelicaangelica Posts: 6,038
    surferdude wrote:
    He indulges in revisionist history. He applies todays morals and standards to event happening sometimes centuries ago.

    "Historical revisionism is the attempt to change commonly held ideas about the past. In its legitimate form ... it is the reexamination of historical facts, with an eye towards updating historical narratives with newly discovered, more accurate, or less biased information, acknowledging that history of an event, as it has been traditionally told, may not be entirely accurate. -Wikipedia
    "The opposite of a fact is falsehood, but the opposite of one profound truth may very well be another profound truth." ~ Niels Bohr

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  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    angelica wrote:
    "Historical revisionism is the attempt to change commonly held ideas about the past. In its legitimate form ... it is the reexamination of historical facts, with an eye towards updating historical narratives with newly discovered, more accurate, or less biased information, acknowledging that history of an event, as it has been traditionally told, may not be entirely accurate. -Wikipedia
    More power to people bringing other sides of the story to the table. Though I would debate the notion of "less biased". I didn't think bias came in degrees. I thought it was biased or unbiased. And pretty much every history book is biased one way or another.

    Where Zinn and other like him loses me is when he brings today's morals to the table and uses them to pass judgement on yesterday's actions. That's unacceptable in my books.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • angelicaangelica Posts: 6,038
    surferdude wrote:
    More power to people bringing other sides of the story to the table. Though I would debate the notion of "less biased". I didn't think bias came in degrees. I thought it was biased or unbiased. And pretty much every history book is biased one way or another.
    What the wikipedia quote means is that revisionism is legitimate when it updates false or biased information, thusly increasing accuracy, which can most certainly happen in degrees as our awareness and understanding evolves. Yes, all history is somewhat biased, so it makes sense to update accuracy when new understanding and/or information comes to light. It would be irresponsible for a historian to do otherwise. I'm not directly referring to Zinn, since I've not read the book. I'm clarifying that the concept of revisionist history, despite the negative slant you used with it also has the flip-side of the coin of being accurate and legitimate when that is the case.
    Where Zinn and other like him loses me is when he brings today's morals to the table and uses them to pass judgement on yesterday's actions. That's unacceptable in my books.
    As our awareness expands and our current insights allows us to have a more comprehensive, accurate or more realistic understanding of past events, even if it means upsetting the applecart of "traditional knowledge" the only responsible and ethical thing to do is to update our understanding. History is considered to be factual, and yet the "facts" are tied together by "narrative", which is about the person constructing a perspective out of the facts. Time and distance can offer much perspective and objectivity, and when this is the case, great! History is not an objective absolute but is dependent on the teller's view. If "A People's History..." has only brought to the light this concept, shaking us out of the illusory concept of history-as-true, even if it's contributed nothing else, imo, it's brilliant.
    "The opposite of a fact is falsehood, but the opposite of one profound truth may very well be another profound truth." ~ Niels Bohr

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    Rhinocerous Surprise '08!!!
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    angelica wrote:
    As our awareness expands and our current insights allows us to have a more comprehensive, accurate or more realistic understanding of past events, even if it means upsetting the applecart of "traditional knowledge" the only responsible and ethical thing to do is to update our understanding. History is considered to be factual, and yet the "facts" are tied together by "narrative", which is about the person constructing a perspective out of the facts. Time and distance can offer much perspective and objectivity, and when this is the case, great! History is not an objective absolute but is dependent on the teller's view. If "A People's History..." has only brought to the light this concept, shaking us out of the illusory concept of history-as-true, even if it's contributed nothing else, imo, it's brilliant.
    I'd have no problem if Zinn were to call his book or pass it off as A Contemporary Review of Historical Events. But Zinn isn't truthful enough to do this.

    If Zinn did a biography of your life he might possibly sum it up as "angelica would just shit herself and then cry until someone changed her". That may be one way to look at your life and focusing on your first year of life. But to pass judgement on you based on this behavior without contextualizing it by saying this is normal for the everyone's first year of life is to not only do a dis-service to you but to every reader. It's a very intential form of dishonesty on his part.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • angelicaangelica Posts: 6,038
    surferdude wrote:
    I'd have no problem if Zinn were to call his book or pass it off as A Contemporary Review of Historical Events. But Zinn isn't truthful enough to do this.
    I support Zinn writing his book for his own purposes, based on his own expertise as an American historian. Your opinion of his intentions is independent of his intentions, themselves.
    If Zinn did a biography of your life he might possibly sum it up as "angelica would just shit herself and then cry until someone changed her". That may be one way to look at your life and focusing on your first year of life. But to pass judgement on you based on this behavior without contextualizing it by saying this is normal for the everyone's first year of life is to not only do a dis-service to you but to every reader. It's a very intential form of dishonesty on his part.
    I will gladly address what Zinn actually does and is therefore accountable for, and at the same time I have no interest in discussing an imaginary "staw-man-Zinn".
    surferdude wrote:
    If I have an opinion I hope it's based on something.

    It looks like your Zinn straw-man (complete with imagined dishonest intent) is creating your opinion. I'm not seeing where it's based on anything. Which is not to say it is not...however, there is no point in debating opinion and perception. That point carries over to Zinn as well--he's as entitled to weave together a view as any historian.
    "The opposite of a fact is falsehood, but the opposite of one profound truth may very well be another profound truth." ~ Niels Bohr

    http://www.myspace.com/illuminatta

    Rhinocerous Surprise '08!!!
  • angelica wrote:
    What the wikipedia quote means is that revisionism is legitimate when it updates false or biased information, thusly increasing accuracy, which can most certainly happen in degrees as our awareness and understanding evolves. Yes, all history is somewhat biased, so it makes sense to update accuracy when new understanding and/or information comes to light. It would be irresponsible for a historian to do otherwise. I'm not directly referring to Zinn, since I've not read the book. I'm clarifying that the concept of revisionist history, despite the negative slant you used with it also has the flip-side of the coin of being accurate and legitimate when that is the case.

    As our awareness expands and our current insights allows us to have a more comprehensive, accurate or more realistic understanding of past events, even if it means upsetting the applecart of "traditional knowledge" the only responsible and ethical thing to do is to update our understanding. History is considered to be factual, and yet the "facts" are tied together by "narrative", which is about the person constructing a perspective out of the facts. Time and distance can offer much perspective and objectivity, and when this is the case, great! History is not an objective absolute but is dependent on the teller's view. If "A People's History..." has only brought to the light this concept, shaking us out of the illusory concept of history-as-true, even if it's contributed nothing else, imo, it's brilliant.

    Awesome post! :)
    If you want to tell people the truth, make them laugh, otherwise they'll kill you.

    Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth.
    -Oscar Wilde
  • prismprism Posts: 2,440
    surferdude wrote:
    More power to people bringing other sides of the story to the table. Though I would debate the notion of "less biased". I didn't think bias came in degrees. I thought it was biased or unbiased. And pretty much every history book is biased one way or another.

    Where Zinn and other like him loses me is when he brings today's morals to the table and uses them to pass judgement on yesterday's actions. That's unacceptable in my books.

    how dare Zinn think that in the past history of the US that things such as genocide, oppression and slavery were anything other than reprehensible? not that he comes right out and say that they were; he doesn't have to by telling a side of the story that is never found in tradional US history books. it's disturbing that you find that those things were somehow at any point in time morally acceptable.
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  • surferdude wrote:
    More power to people bringing other sides of the story to the table. Though I would debate the notion of "less biased". I didn't think bias came in degrees. I thought it was biased or unbiased. And pretty much every history book is biased one way or another.

    Where Zinn and other like him loses me is when he brings today's morals to the table and uses them to pass judgement on yesterday's actions. That's unacceptable in my books.

    You absolutely have to judge past events with todays morals, that's how we learn from experience...especially when past events are constantly being brought up in an attempt to justify the actions of today.
    If you want to tell people the truth, make them laugh, otherwise they'll kill you.

    Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth.
    -Oscar Wilde
  • prism wrote:
    how dare Zinn think that in the past history of the US that things such as genocide, oppression and slavery were anything other than reprehensible? not that he comes right out and say that they were; he doesn't have to by telling a side of the story that is never found in tradional US history books. it's disturbing that you find that those things were somehow at any point in time morally acceptable.

    Exactly! They were always wrong and it's time we stopped glorifying them and admit our mistakes in our history books.
    If you want to tell people the truth, make them laugh, otherwise they'll kill you.

    Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth.
    -Oscar Wilde
  • chadwickchadwick up my ass Posts: 21,157
    it certainly is. and when we come to the realisation that we know nothing that's when we truly become wise.

    well said cate-ster.
    we can learn many things on this earth/in this life.
    we know zero/squat compared to all eternity/infinity in all universes.
    is this true or just something silly i just made up?
    for poetry through the ceiling. ISBN: 1 4241 8840 7

    "Hear me, my chiefs!
    I am tired; my heart is
    sick and sad. From where
    the sun stands I will fight
    no more forever."

    Chief Joseph - Nez Perce
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    prism wrote:
    how dare Zinn think that in the past history of the US that things such as genocide, oppression and slavery were anything other than reprehensible? not that he comes right out and say that they were; he doesn't have to by telling a side of the story that is never found in tradional US history books. it's disturbing that you find that those things were somehow at any point in time morally acceptable.
    Yes, those actions were wrong by today's standards. Just like shitting in your diaper would be wrong by your standards for yourself today. But it would be wrong of me to jump all over you for shitting in your diaper when you were six months old.

    Zinn can't get over the fact that a lot of what happened was morally acceptable then. Irreprehensible now but just fine and dandy then. The moral of the day was Indians were noble savages. That's right, savages. The noble part is just a big a myth as the savage part. Those were the morals of the day. Zinn just excludes facts that he does not like. He has an agenda and he's not about to let the truth get in the way.

    He's much better when he's commenting on current events. At least then the morals he's using as a reference point actually exist while the events are taking place.

    He gives a contemporary take on history while telling you it's just history. You can accept that behavior as above board, I don't. My opinion on that behavior is every bit as valid as yours.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • surferdudesurferdude Posts: 2,057
    prism wrote:
    it's disturbing that you find that those things were somehow at any point in time morally acceptable.
    Please answer these questions without contextualizing, just like Zinn does. So a straight yes no answer will suffice.

    Is it socially acceptable to shit yourself?

    Is killing someone okay?

    No matter what your answers are I can spin it afterwards to make you look bad. This is what Zinn does. You approve this as a method of writing "historical" books, I don't.
    “One good thing about music,
    when it hits you, you feel to pain.
    So brutalize me with music.”
    ~ Bob Marley
  • prismprism Posts: 2,440
    surferdude wrote:
    Yes, those actions were wrong by today's standards. Just like shitting in your diaper would be wrong by your standards for yourself today. But it would be wrong of me to jump all over you for shitting in your diaper when you were six months old.

    Zinn can't get over the fact that a lot of what happened was morally acceptable then. Irreprehensible now but just fine and dandy then. The moral of the day was Indians were noble savages. That's right, savages. The noble part is just a big a myth as the savage part. Those were the morals of the day. Zinn just excludes facts that he does not like. He has an agenda and he's not about to let the truth get in the way.

    He's much better when he's commenting on current events. At least then the morals he's using as a reference point actually exist while the events are taking place.

    He gives a contemporary take on history while telling you it's just history. You can accept that behavior as above board, I don't. My opinion on that behavior is every bit as valid as yours.

    the moral of the day that Indians were savages according to who? the wealthy land-owners? the US government and military acting under government orders? that would do anything including genocide and forcing them onto reservations in order to seize their land? one has to wonder if if the average citizen of the US thought that these actions were morally acceptable?

    you've been watching a few too many John Wayne westerns if you think that the answer is yes...afterall those westerns are telling the story of the cowboys that were being paid by whom? that's right, it was the wealthy land-owning ranchers.
    *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
    angels share laughter
    *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~
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